Congressional Term Limits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Congressional Term Limits - Essay Example In a moderate, provincial Republican locale, term cutoff points could constrain the retirement of a white male preservationist Republican, yet why expect that the new individual will be any extraordinary (another white male traditionalist Republican) or vote any in an unexpected way. So you have to clarify why you think this contention for term limits is substantial. It is in fact in the hands of the voters to choose the new competitor, in this way they have to painstakingly examine and comprehend their separate applicants before deciding in favor of them. Through the different crusading and other open talks that have been given by the individual new up-and-comers, the voters can comprehend whether the competitor they are going to choose will be simply one more white male moderate Republican or not. The facts confirm that the American residents should be progressively dynamic in regards to the political circle, that is attempt to see increasingly about the competitors before taking any choice. In the event that if the current individual ends up being simply one more white male preservationist Republican, as far as possible will guarantee that he doesn't remain for long, and the voters can choose an up-and-comer who is something other than a white male traditionalist Republican. This is actually why there ought to be term limits.

What Alexanders The New Jim Crow Adds to “If Beale Street Could Talk” - Literature Essay Samples

Michelle Alexander’s introduction to â€Å"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness† helps readers understand the larger context of the theme of imprisonment in James Baldwin’s â€Å"If Beale Street Could Talk.† Baldwin’s novel illustrates the racial bias in the justice system through the imprisonment of Fonny. Alexander’s introduction takes the theme of imprisonment in Baldwin’s novel a step further, claiming the justice system is not only racially biased, but also reflective of a larger racial division in American society. Alexander gives readers a lense through which to view the unjust imprisonment of Fonny in Baldwin’s novel, as she claims that this corruption is in place of Jim Crow and thus creates a socioeconomic divide or a â€Å"racial caste system.† The plot of Baldwin’s novel revolves around the unjust imprisonment of Fonny and, in doing so, highlights the corruption in the justice system. To readers and most of the characters in the novel, Fonny is innocent because Baldwin writes his novel from the perspective of the girl in love with Fonny, Tish. As a result the evidence readers are presented with depict Fonny as innocent. Because of Fonny’s innocence, Baldwin explains the character’s imprisonment through the racial corruption in the justice system. Before the reader knows what Fonny was accused of, Tish alludes to this racial injustice, explaining, â€Å"That same passion which saved Fonny got him into trouble, and put him in jail. For, you see, he had found his center, his own center, inside him: and it showed. He wasn’t anybody’s nigger. And that’s a crime, in this fucking free country. You’re suppose to be somebody’s nigger. And if you’re nobody’s nigg er, you’re a bad nigger: and that’s what the cops decided when Fonny moved downtown† (Baldwin 37-38). Tish claims that by finding a â€Å"passion† and thus becoming his own person, Fonny committed a â€Å"crime.† In â€Å"this fucking free country,† a person’s independence should not be cause for prison, but by using the term â€Å"nigger,† a racial slur, over and over to describe Fonny, Tish alludes to the fact it is because of his race he was â€Å"moved downtown.† Tish explains that â€Å"if you’re nobody’s nigger, you’re a bad nigger,† denoting that the only way for a black man to stay out of prison is if he is submissive. The passion that Fonny has both for his artistic work and for Tish becomes the reason for his imprisonment, in addition to his race. Fonny’s passion for Tish causes him to argue with a cop, which is why the characters in the novel believe he was singled out for a crime he did not commit. After his argument with the cop, Fonny claims that the cop is â€Å"going to try and get [him].† Tish responds, saying, â€Å"How? You didn’t do anything wrong. The Italian lady said so, and she said that she would swear to it,† to which he responds, â€Å"That’s why he’s going to try to get me† (143). Baldwin puts the idea of cop corruption into the reader’s mind, as Fonny believes the cop will try to â€Å"get† him, even if he did nothing wrong. Fonny seems to be right as the case against him â€Å"isn’t much of a case† and â€Å"if Fonny were white, it wouldn’t be a case at all† (120). Baldwin paints the actual case against Fonny as a corrupt charge that singled out Fonny due to his dark skin and passion for Tish. Not only would it not be a case if Fonny were white, but in the lineup Fonny was singled out for his skin as he was the only black man. As Tish explains to Fonny, â€Å"[Mrs. Rogers] says she was raped by a black man, and so they put one black man in a lineup with a whole lot of pale dudes. And so, naturally, she says it was you. If she was looking for a black cat, she knows it can’t be none of the others† (182). The fact Fonny was the only â€Å"black cat† in the lineup shows police corruption, because if the woman who accused Fonny of rape claimed â€Å"she was raped by a black man† the lineup should, reasonably, be mostly black men. It also demonstrates that Fonny was singled out for the crime because of his black skin, as Tish claims the only reason he was chosen was because â€Å"it can’t be none of the others.† The narrative Baldwin devises of Fonny’s imprisonment illustrates racial injustice in the system, as Fonny was singled out for a crime he did n ot commit simply because of his skin color and his love for Tish. Baldwin paints Fonny’s imprisonment as one of racial injustice, but Alexander’s book explains that these injustices are part of a larger societal machine that purposefully imprisons minorities to maintain a â€Å"racial caste.† In the introduction to her book, Alexander writes: Rather than rely on race, we use our criminal justice system to label people of color ‘criminals’ and then engage in all the practices we supposedly left behind. Today it is perfectly legal to discriminate against criminals in nearly all the ways that it was once legal to discriminate against African Americans. Once you’re labeled a felon, the old forms of discrimination— employment discrimination, housing discrimination, denial of the right to vote, denial of educational opportunity, denial of food stamps and other public benefits, and exclusion from jury service—are suddenly legal. As a criminal, you have scarcely more rights, and arguably less respect, than a black man living in Alabama at the height of Jim Crow. We have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it. (Alexander 2). In his novel, Baldwin illustrates the injustice in Fonny’s imprisonment, but does not explain what it means for society. The reader understands that Fonny was imprisoned was because of his skin color, but Alexander explains that the justice system purposefully discriminates in order to preserve the â€Å"racial caste in America.† Alexander asserts that people who are imprisoned are denied American rights, like the right to vote, educational opportunity, and jury service. Alexander opens up the argument Baldwin’s book makes, which is that the injustice system is unfair, to explain that it is unfair because the people in power want it to be. Alexander claims that sending African Americans to jail denies them rights that they were denied at the â€Å"height of Jim Crow.† Additionally, Baldwin’s book only really highlights one character’s imprisonment, Fonny’s, and thus doesn’t give the reader an idea of how far out these injustices reach. Alexander does this for us, explaining, â€Å"The racial dimension of mass incarceration is its most striking feature. No other country in the world imprisons so many of its racial or ethnic minorities. The United States imprisons a larger percentage of its black population than South Africa did at the height of apartheid† (6). Alexander gives the reader a lens through which to look at Fonny’s imprisonment, as Fonny is just one man being falsely accused in a sea o f thousands. Alexander explains that America not only imprisons the most â€Å"racial or ethnic minorities,† but has more prisoners than South Africa did during their apartheid. Alexander gives readers a different perspective on Fonny’s imprisonment by revealing that his imprisonment is part of a bigger societal injustice that exists to keep African Americans in a racial caste. Alexander’s introduction helps readers better understand the meaning behind Fonny’s imprisonment. While Alexander does not hope to insinuate that all minorities in prison are innocent, she does explain why there are so many and why they serve such long sentences. Additionally, as Alexander wrote based on the present while Baldwin’s novel is set in 1970s Harlem, the introduction highlights the ways in which corruption in the justice system pervades American history much like racism does. Finally, Baldwin does not write a jail novel about reform, but instead one that highlights the injustice and racism in our justice system. Alexander opens up his novel to show that this corruption has a meaning, which is to maintain a racial caste system. Words Cited Baldwin, James. If Beale Street Could Talk: a Novel. Distributed by Paw Prints/Baker Taylor, 2010.Alexander, Michelle. â€Å"Introduction.† The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, The New Press, 2012, pp. 1–19.

John Bowlby s Theory Of Attachment - 1581 Words

According to Smith et al (2011) the most dramatic developmental changes occur in the prenatal development, infancy and childhood, as new-borns develop into young adulthood capable of becoming a parent themselves. This assignment will discuss the developmental stage of a chosen child scenario and apply to John Bowlby’s theory of attachment. It will also discuss the key safeguarding issues within the child scenario and how they could have been prohibited. Scenario The chosen child scenario for this assignment is Paul (see appendix). Paul is six years of age and is the middle child of three, as well as the only boy. Paul is neglected compared to his siblings who receive all the attention from their parents. His parents treat him poorly,†¦show more content†¦As stated by Santrock (2012) young children’s emotional lives and personalities develop in significant ways because of the continuing influence of family relationships. However, Paul is receiving negative influence from his parent that will later on affect his choices in life. I also believe that all children should be given equal amount of attention and love, however Pail’s parents favour his other two siblings. Furthermore, as an adult nurse student I wanted to research further how Paul’s child development will influence his adulthood. Theory The chosen theory for this child scenario is John Bowlby’s theory of attachment. John Bowlby was a psychoanalyst who believed that mental health and behavioural problems could be linked with early childhood. Bowlby’s (1969) theory of attachment suggests that children come into world biologically ready to form attachments with others, as this will help them survive. According to Bowlby (1980), attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another, a secure attachment being characterised by intimacy, emotional security and physical safety. The attachment theory describes the complexity of long-term relationships between humans, and explains how much the parents relationship with the child influences development. Bowlby (1969) states that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional

Classic Landscape Compare and Contrast - 1026 Words

Classic Landscape was painted in 1932 by Charles Sheeler. It was painted on a canvas with oil. The First thing to catch my eye in this painting was how defined and straight the lines are. There are lines everywhere in this painting. I really like this painting because it’s abstract but not in a way most people would define abstract as. Metaphysical Interior with Bisquits was painted by Giorgio De Chirico in 1916. It was also painted with oil onto a canvas. These two paintings are very similar to each other but also contrast in elements as well. As I said before, there are lines everywhere in Classic Landscape. Sheeler uses lines to make shape in the painting, and even as detail in the mounds on the left side of the painting. One line†¦show more content†¦Sheeler defines lines in Classic Landscape by making them black and very bold. The colors set the tone and mood of the painting. Both whites and blues are calming colors and the darker colors portray the importance of certain objects. Chirico uses many different colors in his painting. Many are very bright and exciting, which sets the tone of happiness in the painting. He does use darker color, but very sparingly. Most of the dark colors that Chirico used are for shadowing purposes. The texture in Classic Landscape is very smooth. The railway looks as if it would have a rough surface, but if it were to be touched it would be smooth. The details on the boardwalk created by lines make it come alive and seem very realistic. Also, the line structure makes the mounds seem a lot larger than they really are. Chirico also does this with some of his forms used to make the object seem way bigger than it really is. The texture used in Metaphysical Interior with Bisquits is also smooth. Some of the objects in the painting seem to also have a rough edge, but again if they were to be touched, they would be smooth. Classic Landscape and Metaphysical Interior with Bisquits are both balanced and well-proportioned throughout. 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College Success free essay sample

What does it mean to be successful? Many people look at the word success from different views. The dictionary defines success in two ways: the accomplishment of one’s goals and then the attainment of wealth or position. I believe you can be successful in two ways as well: you can be successful in your career and you can be successful by doing what makes you happy and living a fulfilling life to your standards. You don’t have to have a huge mansion on top of a private hill looking over the ocean to be defined as successful. When asked what it takes to be successful in college, that’s a different story. To be successful in college is to reach your academic goals in a productive way. I am in college to obtain a degree and build an honorable future for myself. My goals for college are to get straight A’s and obtain my MD. My goals for life are to become a pharmacist and be able to provide for my future family. In order to decide what tips will most help me succeed in college I read several articles on college success, provided by my professor. I have come to find the best ways to be successful in college are to manage time wisely, communicate and form an association with my professors, and get to it and do it. An essential skill that will help me succeed in college is time management. I chose this skill because it is crucial to know when a class is, when an assignment is due, what day the test is, when I have free time, and when I don’t. Mastering this skill will help me keep track of my time and ensure I get all my studies done while still having free time to do fun things. When I get to the point where I realize I don’t have time to go to the mall with everyone because I have to study for that math test, I will remind myself it is just part of the journey to my Medical Degree in Biochemistry that I will complete in the future. In â€Å"Managing Your Time: Setting Priorities and Developing Strategies for Success† Businessman Company writes, â€Å"Realize, too, that periods in your life when free time seems minimal will eventually end. Look forward to holidays or longer vacation when you can take a break from the most intense of your time pressures.† (10) Businessman Company is saying that you shouldn’t dwell on how you have no free time, you have to stay positive and look forward to times when you will have free time. This is a key factor in time management, I have to keep looking forward and stay positive. If I get caught up in dwelling I will begin to neglect my studies and end up falling behind. If I use this time correctl y, I will be able to get all my studies done and still have free time. This will help me succeed because I will stay on the right track to my Medical Degree and not get side tracked by too much free time. It is one thing to have study time but it’s another thing to spend that time effectively. This will help me in my future career by having my mind already trained to not waste time and as soon as an assignment or task is given to me I will just automatically start doing it. Businessman Company also writes, â€Å"To make more productive use of your time, you need to know not only how you have been spending it, but also how you want to use your time effectively. † (10) Businessman Company is saying that you need to be sure you are using your time dedicated to studies efficiently. There’s a big difference between just studying and proficiently studying. The challenge with studying is boredom. If I want to use my time efficiently I need to really use that time I set aside to study and not just stare at my papers daydreaming. For me to succeed with this task I will make my study times short with breaks in-between so I don’t get distracted and truly get work done. To have good time management helps a college student to stay focused and get their studies done while still having some free time. Time management is a skill I will need throughout college, my career, and life by training my mind to keep a close eye on time so I will not be late to say an interview and then once I get the job, turning in my assignments in to my boss early to obtain a promotion. Another vital skill that will help me to succeed in college is to have good communication with professors. I chose this skill because your instructors are your most important resource through your college years. Mastering this skill will help me with just about anything; keeping up with grades, going over questions that I have on the homework assignment so that I don’t make the same mistake on the test. Professors can be your friend if you let them. They really are there to help you succeed. In â€Å"Student Guide to First-Year Composition† Sugie Goen-Salter writes, â€Å"When you are a student in a first-year composition course, your instructor is your most important resource. †(50) Goen-Salter is saying that you have many resources in college but your main one will be your instructor. You can use them as a learning tool or even as someone to just talk to. I’d much rather my professors be my friend or at least know me by name and face rather than not know who I am. I will talk to my professors about anything; the weather, how their day is going, what they had for breakfast, etc. The purpose of your instructor is to be your guide along this journey of life. If I keep in good contact with my professors I will never be unsure about what is being asked of me. Sugie Goen-Salter also writes, â€Å"Office hours and your instructor’s office location will be listed on your syllabus, and your instructor will post her office hours outside her office. † (50) Goen-Salter is saying that teachers like it when you come into their office hours and remind you when their office hours are all the time. If I use this tip I will never be unsure of myself because if I have a question I can just go to my professor’s office hours. Going to office hours will help me succeed because if there’s something I am not understanding that the whole class is understanding I can still go and have that one-on-one time where my professor focuses on me and answers any questions I have that way I know what I’m doing by the time the test comes. The challenge will be finding time to go to office hours and convincing myself that even that one small question is worth the walk. Talking to my professors will allow me to really succeed in college by getting on that one-on-one level and then knowing my strengths and weaknesses so they can truly help me be successful in my classes and not just go through the motions. A fundamental skill many people struggle with every day is â€Å"get to it and do it†. I chose this skill because for me the hardest part about doing anything is to get started but once you do the rest just flows. Acquiring this skill will help me to get work done and not put things off by going straight to my room after class, sitting down, and doing the assignment while the material is still fresh in my mind. In his â€Å"College Success Guide† Peter W. Johnson writes, â€Å"You’ll find that the hardest part is getting started. Once you’re doing something, it often begins to just flow. So get to it and do it! † (3) Johnson is the master mind behind this theory. What Johnson meant by this was that he used his time, energy, and attention to do the required work. He is saying that things, such as writing a 6-page essay or completing a chemistry midterm, can be easy we just make them hard because we don’t just get started. The challenge is I can never seem to get started. Especially with essays, I never know how to start so I just sit and stare at a blank page for hours. If I use this tip, I will have more free time because I will not be wasting any time. This will help me succeed because this will ensure I get my studies done. In life you can’t put things off. For example, bills are a big issue for adults as far as paying them on time. I will train myself now to get things done as soon as they cross my path so that I will not end up being a procrastinator in my future. Johnson also writes, â€Å"†¦it is far easier to do something than to think about it. † (3) Johnson is saying that thinking takes effort so why waste time and effort thinking when you can just write that paper and get it over with. Not putting tasks off will help me not only succeed in college but also as I become an independent adult with my career many years from now. To get to it and do it allows a college student to really succeed in their academics. I have come to discover the most efficient ways to be prosperous in college are to manage time astutely, communicate with professors, and get to it and do it. I will face many encounters in college that will test my capabilities to stay motivated. One challenge I am going to encounter in college is finding that stability between study time and free time. I struggle with the feeling of being left out, I will sometimes put off my studies in order to go to eat with everyone when I know I should be writing that essay. I know that my studies are more important but I neglect them regardless. In order to overcome this, I need to use my time efficiently to get my work done and then have free time to do with it what I choose. One way to do this is to make a schedule and stick to it. Another challenge I will face is procrastination, which is a deadly term. The problem is I can never seem to get started. With essays I never know how to begin so I end up staring at a blank page for hours. To overcome this challenge I am going to do what Peter W. Johnson says, â€Å"get to it and do it. † I am going to use my time, energy, and full attention to get the required work completed. This will allow me to not waste time, get my work done, and still allow myself to have some free time to do with it what I please. My overall goal is to in the end be successful in my college years and in my future after those years. In order to do this I am going to do three things: manage my time wisely, communicate with my professors, and get to it and do it.

Mistakes that Every Professor Hates to See in an Essay

Mistakes that Every Professor Hates to See in an Essay Writing essays is an integral part of students life. At times its challenging, and at times its are fun, but at all times, its a cumbersome core. This is especially because so much can go wrong with this task: grammatical errors, incorrect essay vocabulary, citing mistakes and plagiarism, to name a few. How many times have you feared showing your work to others simply because you were not sure if you missed out on some embarrassing errors, or failed to write a convincing essay that delivered the message effectively? If yes, then you probably know the perils of submitting essays rampant with common, embarrassing errors! Whether you are looking to write a book, or churn up great essays, this guide is sure to help you out! So, rather than facing the challenges blindly, take a glance at the following checklist of 5 mistakes that every professor hates to see in an essay. Mistake #1: Description Without Explanation As a student striving to pen down a persuasive essay, its natural to become obsessed with adverbs and adjectives and miss out on the explanation in the process. For example, you may be always describing people and the way they do certain things, like: My mother is beautiful. She is a good teacher as well. Now, this statement is wrong for a number of reasons. Your readers might ask: Why did you come to the conclusion that your mother is beautiful? What made you say that she teaches well?. So, bottomline is that you can very well go on filling your essay with strong adverbs and adjectives that sound pleasing to the ears, but the point still remains unclear. Solution: Do not describe people and things, instead explain the reason behind your description vividly. Do not describe the things they do and how they do, rather back up your statements with evidence to show exactly how they do those things. It is always advisable to quote examples, information, or evidence from authoritative sources. Now, take a look at the next sentence. My mother has sparkling blue eyes and flaming, red hair that makes her beautiful to behold. Moreover, she always encourages me to read and manages to explain even the toughest of things with alarming ease. Isnt this a lot clear than the previous sentence? Mistake #2: Passive Voice A sentence written in passive voice occurs when the main subject of the sentence does not perform the said action, rather the action is done on it by someone else. Professors believe that using the passive voice in an essay leads to awkward sentences and doesnt quite convey the thought very well. However, it is still acceptable when the action being performed deserves more attention than the main subject or doer of that action. Solution: Writing in active voice helps to capture the attention of the reader and makes your essay stronger by showing responsibility, or highlighting a certain action. By using the passive voice, you tend to avoid showing responsibility and hence fail to give enough information to explain the problem in detail. This is especially detrimental if the main core of your essay is centered around that problem/action. In order to change passive into active voice, start by recognizing the subject. Thereafter, make the verb of the same tense as that of the helper, and then end the sentence with the receiver of action. Consider the following example: Passive: The novel Black Friday was written by S.Hussain Zaidi. Active: S.Hussain Zaidi wrote the novel Black Friday. Mistake # 3: Missing Commas, Comma Splices Run-on Sentences These are common mistakes that even seasoned writers tend to make. When present in excess, they end up ruining the meaning of your essay and compromise readability, thereby causing your professor to just lose interest and give you a measly grade at the end. A comma splice occurs when you use a comma, instead of a semi-colon to join two independent clauses. A run-on sentence is one that combines two independent clauses without any proper punctuation, or conjunction. Commas are used to separate clauses from one another, and a series of items occurring in a sentence/list. Solution: When in doubt, run your essay on an essay checker in order to evaluate your use of commas properly. There are many ways to fix a run-on sentence and comma splice. For example, you can add a coordinating conjunction after the comma, like for, nor, but, yet, or, so, etc. Alternatively, you can change the comma to a semicolon as well, or change it into a period to end the sentence and thereby, divide the independent clauses into two complete sentences. When adding commas, keep in mind that they are used to form the structure of a sentence, as well as distinguish between key ideas and elements. Run-on sentence: Mark had disappeared he left his coat and sunglasses in the shop. Correct  form: Mark had disappeared. He left his coat and sunglasses in the shop. Comma splice: It was raining, our school was closed today. Correct form: It was raining; Our school was closed today.   Or It was raining, so our school was closed today. Mistake #4: Incomplete sentences Every complete sentence needs to have a verb and a subject. While, this may seem rather straightforward to comprehend, you will actually be surprised to know that even seasoned essay writers end up making this mistake in their regular assignments. The trouble happens when you begin constructing a complicated sentence, and then stop midway because you either forget to finish it, or dont know to give it a logical ending. Solution: Every sentence needs to be complete for clear communication and effective engagement of the reader. An easy way to know if your sentence is complete or not is to check if it expresses a complete thought in itself. You can read the sentence aloud for better clarity. When its incomplete, you will either feel like the sentence doesnt make sense, or that it has stopped with an abrupt or vague ending. Consider the following examples: Visited the museum. Walked in the park. Drank a glass of wine.   In all these sentences, the subjects are missing, and that is why they are incomplete   Correct forms: Jane visited the museum. Molly walked in the park. I drank a glass of wine.   Mistake # 5: Too Many Thoughts An essay should focus on one single thought, and your goal, as the writer should be to clarify the thought in the best possible manner. Having too many thoughts in the essay defeats the purpose of writing it in the first place. It also dodges the readers attention and comes across as a confused piece. For example, if you have been asked to write about your dream job, dont end up including irrelevant details like your previous summer vacation, or your mothers aspirations, or your future trip abroad. Alternatively, if the essay is argumentative in nature, do not include counterargument ideas, as they are largely irrelevant and go completely against your topic. Basically, you need to streamline your essay into a format that conveys a single idea in a compelling way. Solution: Whenever you get an essay topic, your first instinct is to brainstorm all the ideas, twists and angles that can be used to present it in the most engaging manner. At this stage, its important to sort out a single idea and build your write-up on it. So, the best way out is to simply focus on the question. When you are asked to describe your aspirations, dont spend half of the essay describing your fathers occupation, or your grandmothers last wish. Instead, come straight to the point. Describe your passions and give compact examples to prove just how passionate you are for your aspirations. Then again, its also completely fine to include a paragraph or two to give a background of the real theme. Another thing to keep in mind is that all your paragraphs should support the one idea/answer to the essay statement. And finally, steer clear of big words but dont use small words either. Just use the right words, and you will be fine. How to ensure this? Check whether every word in your sentence justifies your essay topic. Thats all. Also, edit ruthlessly. According to research, proofreading and essay editing reduce essay mistakes and enhance readability to a whopping 30%. So, if you are desperate to improve your grades and avoid running the risk of making all 5.mistakes that every professor hates to see in an essay, do follow the guide for your next assignment!

Amazon Inventory Management Essay Example

Amazon Inventory Management Essay Example Amazon Inventory Management Paper Amazon Inventory Management Paper Introduction Launched by Jeff Bezos, the Amazon. com website started in 1995 and is today considered as one of the most prominent retail website on the internet with a record turnover of US$ 14. 87 billion in 2007. Jeff Bezos’s intention was to create an internet based company with the most dedicated product portfolio on the internet where customers could find anything they might want. Amazon’s success is based on technology, services and products (Jens et al. , 2003). Controlling inventory is known to be one of the toughest problems for companies. With 39 million active customer accounts and a vision such as being â€Å"Earth’s biggest selection of product†, Amazon has been putting a lot of effort to be as efficient as possible in their inventory management. The purpose of this report is to understand the evolution of the inventory management of Amazon and how it has affected the company’s growth. This case study is both a practice case and a problem solving case, so the first section of this report focuses on the practices used by Amazon in the 4 stages and then in the second section we will solve the problem regarding their product returns problem and provide recommendations. I-The 4 Stages of Amazon Amazon’s Inventory management can be divided into 4 stages: An initial start with no inventory Built warehouses to store inventory Entered into partnerships with distributors Entered into partnerships with retailers Initially started with no inventory In the first stage Amazon’s main objective was to create a virtual bookshop, where customers could have more choices than any physical bookshop in the world, but also, he did not want to spend time and money on building warehouses and deal with inventory because each warehouse could cost around $50 million dollars. First stage logistic process As shown in figure 1, customers used to order products from Amazon’s website, Amazon then forwards the order to the distributor, who in turn sends the product back to Amazon and finally, Amazon ships the product to the customer. Initially this didn’t look like a bad idea but it wasn’t long till Bezos understood that if he had to build on strong customer satisfaction and needed to have his own inventory. This left him with two choices, either improve information system flow throughout the supply chain or build warehouses to manage its own inventory (Hof, 1999). Built warehouses to store inventory In this stage the objective of Amazon was to build warehouses and gain better control over their Inventory and increase the range of products while reducing their logistics cost (Choen et al. , 2004). Figure 2: Second stage logistic process As show on figure 2, Amazon used to procure items from their distributor and store them in their warehouses. Customer makes an order and Amazon couriers it to them. This helped Amazon to maximise its storage capacity as well as decrease their logistics costs. However Amazon did face a major problem of managing a large inventory along with high warehouse maintenance costs. This left Amazon with two options, either to use its warehouses more effectively by boosting sales or outsource its inventory management. 3. Entered into partnerships with distributors This was a huge risk as Amazon had a very good reputation in providing superior customer service and if this task was outsourced; their hard earned reputation may be damaged (Saunders, 2001). On the other hand Amazon would now be able to concentrate on its core activities by reducing the need for warehouses. Figure 3: Third stage logistic process (Drop-shipment model) This model gave greater flexibility in terms of product range. They could focus their attention on listening to the market in order to be more reactive by discovering products Amazon’s visitors wanted and then being able to rapidly add them to the product list. On the other hand, there was no capital investment and no danger of suddenly having a warehouse full of outdated items. Figure 3 shows how drop shipment works. However, whereas Amazon was planning to extend this model to all other categories, the company started to encounter some problems (Julie et al. , 2004). Since Amazon uses drop-shippers as well as their own warehouses, split shipments became problematic. This reduced overall efficiency as 35% of Amazon orders were of this nature. 4. Entered into partnerships with retailers This led Amazon to enter the fourth stage where they entered into partnerships with other retailers. The process is illustrated in figure 4. Figure 4: Fourth stage logistic process They main benefit of this stage was that Amazon could expand its product categories while cutting cost incurred through shipping and operating their warehouses. Amazon used best practices from eBay to assist them in this stage as shown in figure 5. Figure 5: Best Practices from eBay 5. Further Analysis As we have mentioned above we have analysed and discussed the various stages that Amazon went through in terms of their business strategy, which also affected their logistics management. We identified that Amazon had different motives for modifying their logistics management when moving from one stage to another. When Amazon went from having no inventory to building warehouses, was primarily to grow their business as they wanted to offer a larger range of products to their customers. From there, Amazon then decided to enter into partnerships with distributors. The main motive behind this move was to improve its logistics efficiency. Finally they entered into partnerships with retailers. Again Amazon’s key objective was to grow the company as now they will be able to display the retailer’s products on Amazon’s website, thereby further expanding their product range. After our case study date Amazon has gone on to further increase the variety of products offered and at the same time improving their operations. This has been achieved by taking up the Six Sigma approach to its distribution operations and by applying lean manufacturing and Total Quality Management methodologies to its processes. Amazon now ships to more than 200 countries. Therefore they have begun to use a global trade management solution to provide customers with more information. They have also started to be a drop shipper where Amazon will handle inventory and shipping for other e-businesses. Many years back Amazon would have never thought of doing such an activity as having more inventory meant more costs. However, Jeff Bezos has seen the potential in doing this, as they have the experience and reputation in managing inventory and logistics, which other e-businesses find that hard to ignore. II-Conclusions and Recommendations 1. Conclusions We have learnt some important lessons when it comes to logistics management in e-businesses after considering Amazon’s case. Firstly, flawless logistics and fulfilment are key drivers of customer retention and long-term profitability. Like Amazon, all other e-businesses should get their corporate mind set straight, meaning that they should understand that it’s all about the customer and a positive profit-margin. E-businesses should be able to provide customers with the 3R’s, which are the right product at the right place at the right time. At the same time they have to make a profit. So they key challenge is to be able to deliver both. Other e-businesses should consider outsourcing some of its activities so that they could direct focus towards their core activities. Amazon did this and was able to concentrate on other activities such as marketing its brand. After arriving at the fourth stage Amazon was faced with a major problem regarding their reverse logistics process. This has resulted in frustration among customers due to difficulties in returning a product to Amazon and the handling of returned products by Amazon was not very efficient. This was eating into their profits. Therefore a solution must be developed to tackle this issue. 2. Recommendations Amazon’s reverse logistics procedure is a very long process and required Amazon to allocate a lot of resources to make sure that it runs smoothly. These resources may be put to better use in attending to Amazon’s core activities such as product fulfilment. Figure 6 shows the reverse logistics procedure of Amazon. Figure 6: Amazon’s Reverse Logistics Process We would recommend that Amazon considers in outsourcing its reverse logistics to a third-party reverse logistics provider. There are certain factors Amazon will have to take into consideration if an outsourcing strategy is to be chosen (Rao, 1994). These factors are as follows: Amazon has to see if it is a company that handles a large inventory. Amazon has to see what the characteristics of the products that they offer. Amazon should look into the level of required customer service that has to be offered. Amazon should see if reverse logistics is considered to be a core activity in the company. We have answered these questions to see if our recommendation is appropriate for Amazon to consider. The number of products that they handle is unimaginable and they receive countless amounts of orders per day. For example, Amazon. com just finished its 13th Christmas season in 2007 and December 10th of 2007 was the busiest day with customers ordering more than 5. 4 million items on that day, which is 62. items per second (Chaffey, 2008). Therefore it is inevitable there would have been a large number of returns. Even their vision states that they want to offer customers anything they might want by having Earth’s biggest selection of products. The characteristics of the products that Amazon handles vary considerably. They handle products of different shapes and sizes. Larger items would take up valuable space. Amazon will have to offer good customer service to its buyers. If customers have a difficult experience when returning products and do not get a quick response, they may end up being dissatisfied and etaining first time buyers at Amazon may prove to be a failure. After analysing the company more closely, we realized that Amazon is more interested in getting the products to their customers in the most efficient manner. Therefore forward logistics could be considered to be a core activity with the company but is not the case for reverse logistics. After answering these questions, outsourcing their reverse logistics seems to be the best option as Amazon could then focus on their core activities. Bibliography Saunders. R (2001) Amazon. com way – Secrets of the world’s most astonishing web business, Capstone Bezos, Jeff (1998) A Bookstore By Any Other Name, viewed 20 March 2008, commonwealthclub. org/archive/98/98-07bezos-speech. html Jens, C. , Peter, M (2003) The Industrial Dynamics of the New Digital Economy, Edward Elgar Publishing Hof, R. (1999) Whats With All the Warehouses? , viewed 18 March 2008, ; businessweek. com/1999/99_44/b3653046. htm; Ordering from merchants, viewed 26 March 2008, ; amazon. com/gp/help/customer/display. html? nodeId=537794; Choen, S. Roussel, J. (2004) Strategic supply chain management, McGraw-Hill Julie, A. , Sokol Robert, J. Thomas (2004) State of the art, viewed 27 March 2008, ; accenture. com/Global/Research_and_Insights/Outlook/By_Alphabet/StateOfTheArt. htm; Rao, K. , and Young, R. R. (1994) Global supply chains: Factors influencing outsourcing of logistics functions. International journal of physical distribution and logistics management. Vol. 24. No. 6. Chaffey, D (2008) Amazon. com case study, viewed 20 March 2008, ; davechaffey. com/E-commerce-Internet-marketing-case-studies/Amazon-case-study;